Which of the following drugs is known to cause late pulmonary dysfunction?

Carmustine is known for its potential to cause late pulmonary dysfunction, a significant concern for patients undergoing treatment with this drug. This is primarily due to its unique mechanism of action as an alkylating agent, which can lead to cumulative lung toxicity over time. The pulmonary effects are not typically seen immediately but can manifest months or even years after treatment, making monitoring long-term respiratory function essential in patients receiving this agent.

The risks associated with late pulmonary dysfunction can include symptoms like dyspnea, cough, and reduced lung capacity, which may stem from the development of pulmonary fibrosis. The exact pathophysiology is thought to be related to the drug's metabolite, which can cause damage to lung tissue.

The other drugs listed have varying side effects but are not primarily associated with late pulmonary dysfunction. For example, while cisplatin is noted for its toxicity profile including nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, it does not typically lead to chronic lung issues in the same way. Asparaginases are primarily concerned with effects on the liver and pancreas rather than pulmonary function. Busulfan can have some pulmonary effects, primarily when given at higher doses or in association with other factors, but it is not recognized for late pulmonary dysfunction as distinctly as